3 # Electrum - lightweight Bitcoin client
4 # Copyright (C) 2011 thomasv@gitorious
6 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
7 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
8 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
9 # (at your option) any later version.
11 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
12 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
13 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
14 # GNU General Public License for more details.
16 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
17 # along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
20 import hashlib, base64, ecdsa, re
24 return s.decode('hex')[::-1].encode('hex')
26 def int_to_hex(i, length=1):
27 s = hex(i)[2:].rstrip('L')
28 s = "0"*(2*length - len(s)) + s
32 # https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Protocol_specification#Variable_length_integer
36 return "fd"+int_to_hex(i,2)
38 return "fe"+int_to_hex(i,4)
40 return "ff"+int_to_hex(i,8)
46 return '4c' + int_to_hex(i)
48 return '4d' + int_to_hex(i,2)
50 return '4e' + int_to_hex(i,4)
54 Hash = lambda x: hashlib.sha256(hashlib.sha256(x).digest()).digest()
55 hash_encode = lambda x: x[::-1].encode('hex')
56 hash_decode = lambda x: x.decode('hex')[::-1]
59 # pywallet openssl private key implementation
61 def i2d_ECPrivateKey(pkey, compressed=False):
63 key = '3081d30201010420' + \
64 '%064x' % pkey.secret + \
65 'a081a53081a2020101302c06072a8648ce3d0101022100' + \
67 '3006040100040107042102' + \
73 key = '308201130201010420' + \
74 '%064x' % pkey.secret + \
75 'a081a53081a2020101302c06072a8648ce3d0101022100' + \
77 '3006040100040107044104' + \
84 return key.decode('hex') + i2o_ECPublicKey(pkey.pubkey, compressed)
86 def i2o_ECPublicKey(pubkey, compressed=False):
87 # public keys are 65 bytes long (520 bits)
88 # 0x04 + 32-byte X-coordinate + 32-byte Y-coordinate
89 # 0x00 = point at infinity, 0x02 and 0x03 = compressed, 0x04 = uncompressed
90 # compressed keys: <sign> <x> where <sign> is 0x02 if y is even and 0x03 if y is odd
92 if pubkey.point.y() & 1:
93 key = '03' + '%064x' % pubkey.point.x()
95 key = '02' + '%064x' % pubkey.point.x()
98 '%064x' % pubkey.point.x() + \
99 '%064x' % pubkey.point.y()
101 return key.decode('hex')
103 # end pywallet openssl private key implementation
107 ############ functions from pywallet #####################
109 def hash_160(public_key):
111 md = hashlib.new('ripemd160')
112 md.update(hashlib.sha256(public_key).digest())
116 md = ripemd.new(hashlib.sha256(public_key).digest())
120 def public_key_to_bc_address(public_key):
121 h160 = hash_160(public_key)
122 return hash_160_to_bc_address(h160)
124 def hash_160_to_bc_address(h160, addrtype = 0):
125 vh160 = chr(addrtype) + h160
127 addr = vh160 + h[0:4]
128 return b58encode(addr)
130 def bc_address_to_hash_160(addr):
131 bytes = b58decode(addr, 25)
132 return ord(bytes[0]), bytes[1:21]
134 def encode_point(pubkey, compressed=False):
135 order = generator_secp256k1.order()
136 p = pubkey.pubkey.point
137 x_str = ecdsa.util.number_to_string(p.x(), order)
138 y_str = ecdsa.util.number_to_string(p.y(), order)
140 return chr(2 + (p.y() & 1)) + x_str
142 return chr(4) + pubkey.to_string() #x_str + y_str
144 __b58chars = '123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz'
145 __b58base = len(__b58chars)
148 """ encode v, which is a string of bytes, to base58."""
151 for (i, c) in enumerate(v[::-1]):
152 long_value += (256**i) * ord(c)
155 while long_value >= __b58base:
156 div, mod = divmod(long_value, __b58base)
157 result = __b58chars[mod] + result
159 result = __b58chars[long_value] + result
161 # Bitcoin does a little leading-zero-compression:
162 # leading 0-bytes in the input become leading-1s
165 if c == '\0': nPad += 1
168 return (__b58chars[0]*nPad) + result
170 def b58decode(v, length):
171 """ decode v into a string of len bytes."""
173 for (i, c) in enumerate(v[::-1]):
174 long_value += __b58chars.find(c) * (__b58base**i)
177 while long_value >= 256:
178 div, mod = divmod(long_value, 256)
179 result = chr(mod) + result
181 result = chr(long_value) + result
185 if c == __b58chars[0]: nPad += 1
188 result = chr(0)*nPad + result
189 if length is not None and len(result) != length:
195 def EncodeBase58Check(vchIn):
197 return b58encode(vchIn + hash[0:4])
199 def DecodeBase58Check(psz):
200 vchRet = b58decode(psz, None)
210 def PrivKeyToSecret(privkey):
211 return privkey[9:9+32]
213 def SecretToASecret(secret, compressed=False, addrtype=0):
214 vchIn = chr((addrtype+128)&255) + secret
215 if compressed: vchIn += '\01'
216 return EncodeBase58Check(vchIn)
218 def ASecretToSecret(key, addrtype=0):
219 vch = DecodeBase58Check(key)
220 if vch and vch[0] == chr((addrtype+128)&255):
225 def regenerate_key(sec):
226 b = ASecretToSecret(sec)
230 secret = int('0x' + b.encode('hex'), 16)
231 return EC_KEY(secret)
233 def GetPubKey(pubkey, compressed=False):
234 return i2o_ECPublicKey(pubkey, compressed)
236 def GetPrivKey(pkey, compressed=False):
237 return i2d_ECPrivateKey(pkey, compressed)
240 return ('%064x' % pkey.secret).decode('hex')
242 def is_compressed(sec):
243 b = ASecretToSecret(sec)
247 def address_from_private_key(sec):
248 # rebuild public key from private key, compressed or uncompressed
249 pkey = regenerate_key(sec)
252 # figure out if private key is compressed
253 compressed = is_compressed(sec)
255 # rebuild private and public key from regenerated secret
256 private_key = GetPrivKey(pkey, compressed)
257 public_key = GetPubKey(pkey.pubkey, compressed)
258 address = public_key_to_bc_address(public_key)
262 ########### end pywallet functions #######################
264 # secp256k1, http://www.oid-info.com/get/1.3.132.0.10
265 _p = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEFFFFFC2FL
266 _r = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141L
267 _b = 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007L
268 _a = 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L
269 _Gx = 0x79BE667EF9DCBBAC55A06295CE870B07029BFCDB2DCE28D959F2815B16F81798L
270 _Gy = 0x483ada7726a3c4655da4fbfc0e1108a8fd17b448a68554199c47d08ffb10d4b8L
271 curve_secp256k1 = ecdsa.ellipticcurve.CurveFp( _p, _a, _b )
272 generator_secp256k1 = ecdsa.ellipticcurve.Point( curve_secp256k1, _Gx, _Gy, _r )
273 oid_secp256k1 = (1,3,132,0,10)
274 SECP256k1 = ecdsa.curves.Curve("SECP256k1", curve_secp256k1, generator_secp256k1, oid_secp256k1 )
276 from ecdsa.util import string_to_number, number_to_string
278 def msg_magic(message):
279 return "\x18Bitcoin Signed Message:\n" + chr( len(message) ) + message
282 class EC_KEY(object):
283 def __init__( self, secret ):
284 self.pubkey = ecdsa.ecdsa.Public_key( generator_secp256k1, generator_secp256k1 * secret )
285 self.privkey = ecdsa.ecdsa.Private_key( self.pubkey, secret )
288 def sign_message(self, message, compressed, address):
289 private_key = ecdsa.SigningKey.from_secret_exponent( self.secret, curve = SECP256k1 )
290 public_key = private_key.get_verifying_key()
291 signature = private_key.sign_digest( Hash( msg_magic(message) ), sigencode = ecdsa.util.sigencode_string )
292 assert public_key.verify_digest( signature, Hash( msg_magic(message) ), sigdecode = ecdsa.util.sigdecode_string)
294 sig = base64.b64encode( chr(27 + i + (4 if compressed else 0)) + signature )
296 self.verify_message( address, sig, message)
301 raise BaseException("error: cannot sign message")
304 def verify_message(self, address, signature, message):
305 """ See http://www.secg.org/download/aid-780/sec1-v2.pdf for the math """
306 from ecdsa import numbertheory, ellipticcurve, util
308 curve = curve_secp256k1
309 G = generator_secp256k1
311 # extract r,s from signature
312 sig = base64.b64decode(signature)
313 if len(sig) != 65: raise BaseException("Wrong encoding")
314 r,s = util.sigdecode_string(sig[1:], order)
316 if nV < 27 or nV >= 35:
317 raise BaseException("Bad encoding")
326 x = r + (recid/2) * order
328 alpha = ( x * x * x + curve.a() * x + curve.b() ) % curve.p()
329 beta = msqr.modular_sqrt(alpha, curve.p())
330 y = beta if (beta - recid) % 2 == 0 else curve.p() - beta
331 # 1.4 the constructor checks that nR is at infinity
332 R = ellipticcurve.Point(curve, x, y, order)
333 # 1.5 compute e from message:
334 h = Hash( msg_magic(message) )
335 e = string_to_number(h)
337 # 1.6 compute Q = r^-1 (sR - eG)
338 inv_r = numbertheory.inverse_mod(r,order)
339 Q = inv_r * ( s * R + minus_e * G )
340 public_key = ecdsa.VerifyingKey.from_public_point( Q, curve = SECP256k1 )
341 # check that Q is the public key
342 public_key.verify_digest( sig[1:], h, sigdecode = ecdsa.util.sigdecode_string)
343 # check that we get the original signing address
344 addr = public_key_to_bc_address( encode_point(public_key, compressed) )
346 raise BaseException("Bad signature")
349 ###################################### BIP32 ##############################
351 def bip32_init(seed):
354 I = hmac.new("Bitcoin seed", seed, hashlib.sha512).digest()
356 print "seed", seed.encode('hex')
357 master_secret = I[0:32]
358 master_chain = I[32:]
362 master_private_key = ecdsa.SigningKey.from_string( master_secret, curve = SECP256k1 )
363 master_public_key = master_private_key.get_verifying_key()
364 K = master_public_key.to_string()
365 K_compressed = GetPubKey(master_public_key.pubkey,True)
366 return master_secret, master_chain, K, K_compressed
371 from ecdsa.util import string_to_number, number_to_string
372 order = generator_secp256k1.order()
373 keypair = EC_KEY(string_to_number(k))
374 K = GetPubKey(keypair.pubkey,True)
375 I = hmac.new(c, K + rev_hex(int_to_hex(n,4)).decode('hex'), hashlib.sha512).digest()
376 k_n = number_to_string( (string_to_number(I[0:32]) * string_to_number(k)) % order , order )
381 def CKD_prime(K, c, n):
383 from ecdsa.util import string_to_number, number_to_string
384 order = generator_secp256k1.order()
386 K_public_key = ecdsa.VerifyingKey.from_string( K, curve = SECP256k1 )
387 K_compressed = GetPubKey(K_public_key.pubkey,True)
389 I = hmac.new(c, K_compressed + rev_hex(int_to_hex(n,4)).decode('hex'), hashlib.sha512).digest()
391 #pubkey = ecdsa.ecdsa.Public_key( generator_secp256k1, string_to_number(I[0:32]) * K_public_key.pubkey.point )
392 public_key = ecdsa.VerifyingKey.from_public_point( string_to_number(I[0:32]) * K_public_key.pubkey.point, curve = SECP256k1 )
393 K_n = public_key.to_string()
394 K_n_compressed = GetPubKey(public_key.pubkey,True)
397 return K_n, K_n_compressed, c_n
403 ################################## transactions
407 def raw_tx( inputs, outputs, for_sig = None ):
409 s = int_to_hex(1,4) # version
410 s += var_int( len(inputs) ) # number of inputs
411 for i in range(len(inputs)):
413 s += txin['tx_hash'].decode('hex')[::-1].encode('hex') # prev hash
414 s += int_to_hex(txin['index'],4) # prev index
417 pubkeysig = txin.get('pubkeysig')
419 pubkey, sig = pubkeysig[0]
420 sig = sig + chr(1) # hashtype
421 script = op_push( len(sig))
422 script += sig.encode('hex')
423 script += op_push( len(pubkey))
424 script += pubkey.encode('hex')
426 signatures = txin['signatures']
427 pubkeys = txin['pubkeys']
429 for sig in signatures:
431 script += op_push(len(sig)/2)
434 redeem_script = multisig_script(pubkeys,2)
435 script += op_push(len(redeem_script)/2)
436 script += redeem_script
439 if txin.get('redeemScript'):
440 script = txin['redeemScript'] # p2sh uses the inner script
442 script = txin['raw_output_script'] # scriptsig
445 s += var_int( len(script)/2 ) # script length
447 s += "ffffffff" # sequence
449 s += var_int( len(outputs) ) # number of outputs
450 for output in outputs:
451 addr, amount = output
452 s += int_to_hex( amount, 8) # amount
453 addrtype, hash_160 = bc_address_to_hash_160(addr)
455 script = '76a9' # op_dup, op_hash_160
456 script += '14' # push 0x14 bytes
457 script += hash_160.encode('hex')
458 script += '88ac' # op_equalverify, op_checksig
460 script = 'a9' # op_hash_160
461 script += '14' # push 0x14 bytes
462 script += hash_160.encode('hex')
463 script += '87' # op_equal
467 s += var_int( len(script)/2 ) # script length
469 s += int_to_hex(0,4) # lock time
470 if for_sig is not None and for_sig != -1:
471 s += int_to_hex(1, 4) # hash type
477 def multisig_script(public_keys, num=None):
478 # supports only "2 of 2", and "2 of 3" transactions
484 assert num <= n and n <= 3 and n >= 2
493 for k in public_keys:
494 s += var_int(len(k)/2)
509 def __init__(self, raw):
512 self.inputs = self.d['inputs']
513 self.outputs = self.d['outputs']
514 self.outputs = map(lambda x: (x['address'],x['value']), self.outputs)
517 def from_io(klass, inputs, outputs):
518 raw = raw_tx(inputs, outputs, for_sig = -1) # for_sig=-1 means do not sign
521 self.outputs = outputs
528 return raw_tx(self.inputs, self.outputs, for_sig = i)
531 return Hash(self.raw.decode('hex') )[::-1].encode('hex')
533 def sign(self, private_keys):
536 for i in range(len(self.inputs)):
537 txin = self.inputs[i]
539 if txin.get('redeemScript'):
540 # 1 parse the redeem script
541 num, redeem_pubkeys = deserialize.parse_redeemScript(txin.get('redeemScript'))
542 self.inputs[i]["pubkeys"] = redeem_pubkeys
544 # build list of public/private keys
546 for sec in private_keys.values():
547 compressed = is_compressed(sec)
548 pkey = regenerate_key(sec)
549 pubkey = GetPubKey(pkey.pubkey, compressed)
550 keypairs[ pubkey.encode('hex') ] = sec
553 signatures = txin.get("signatures",[])
555 # check if we have a key corresponding to the redeem script
556 for pubkey, privkey in keypairs.items():
557 if pubkey in redeem_pubkeys:
559 compressed = is_compressed(sec)
560 pkey = regenerate_key(sec)
562 private_key = ecdsa.SigningKey.from_secret_exponent( secexp, curve = SECP256k1 )
563 public_key = private_key.get_verifying_key()
565 tx = raw_tx( self.inputs, self.outputs, for_sig = i )
566 sig = private_key.sign_digest( Hash( tx.decode('hex') ), sigencode = ecdsa.util.sigencode_der )
567 assert public_key.verify_digest( sig, Hash( tx.decode('hex') ), sigdecode = ecdsa.util.sigdecode_der)
568 signatures.append( sig.encode('hex') )
570 # for p2sh, pubkeysig is a tuple (may be incomplete)
571 self.inputs[i]["signatures"] = signatures
574 sec = private_keys[txin['address']]
575 compressed = is_compressed(sec)
576 pkey = regenerate_key(sec)
579 private_key = ecdsa.SigningKey.from_secret_exponent( secexp, curve = SECP256k1 )
580 public_key = private_key.get_verifying_key()
581 pkey = EC_KEY(secexp)
582 pubkey = GetPubKey(pkey.pubkey, compressed)
583 tx = raw_tx( self.inputs, self.outputs, for_sig = i )
584 sig = private_key.sign_digest( Hash( tx.decode('hex') ), sigencode = ecdsa.util.sigencode_der )
585 assert public_key.verify_digest( sig, Hash( tx.decode('hex') ), sigdecode = ecdsa.util.sigdecode_der)
587 self.inputs[i]["pubkeysig"] = [(pubkey, sig)]
589 self.raw = raw_tx( self.inputs, self.outputs )
592 def deserialize(self):
594 vds = deserialize.BCDataStream()
595 vds.write(self.raw.decode('hex'))
596 self.d = deserialize.parse_Transaction(vds)
600 def has_address(self, addr):
602 for txin in self.inputs:
603 if addr == txin.get('address'):
606 for txout in self.outputs:
613 def get_value(self, addresses, prevout_values):
614 # return the balance for that tx
617 v_in = v_out = v_out_mine = 0
619 for item in self.inputs:
620 addr = item.get('address')
621 if addr in addresses:
623 key = item['prevout_hash'] + ':%d'%item['prevout_n']
624 value = prevout_values.get( key )
632 for item in self.outputs:
635 if addr in addresses:
639 # all inputs are mine:
641 v = v_out_mine - v_in
643 # some inputs are mine:
646 v = v_out_mine - v_out
651 return is_send, v, fee
656 seed = "ff000000000000000000000000000000".decode('hex')
657 master_secret, master_chain, master_public_key, master_public_key_compressed = bip32_init(seed)
659 print "secret key", master_secret.encode('hex')
660 print "chain code", master_chain.encode('hex')
662 key_id = hash_160(master_public_key_compressed)
663 print "keyid", key_id.encode('hex')
665 print "address", hash_160_to_bc_address(key_id)
666 print "secret key", SecretToASecret(master_secret, True)
669 k0, c0 = CKD(master_secret, master_chain, 0)
670 print "secret", k0.encode('hex')
671 print "chain", c0.encode('hex')
672 print "secret key", SecretToASecret(k0, True)
674 K0, K0_compressed, c0 = CKD_prime(master_public_key, master_chain, 0)
675 print "address", hash_160_to_bc_address(hash_160(K0_compressed))
678 K01, K01_compressed, c01 = CKD_prime(K0, c0, 1)
679 print "address", hash_160_to_bc_address(hash_160(K01_compressed))
681 print "-- m/0/1/3 --"
682 K013, K013_compressed, c013 = CKD_prime(K01, c01, 3)
683 print "address", hash_160_to_bc_address(hash_160(K013_compressed))
685 print "-- m/0/1/3/7 --"
686 K0137, K0137_compressed, c0137 = CKD_prime(K013, c013, 7)
687 print "address", hash_160_to_bc_address(hash_160(K0137_compressed))
693 pubkeys = ["04e89a79651522201d756f14b1874ae49139cc984e5782afeca30ffe84e5e6b2cfadcfe9875c490c8a1a05a4debd715dd57471af8886ab5dfbb3959d97f087f77a",
694 "0455cf4a3ab68a011b18cb0a86aae2b8e9cad6c6355476de05247c57a9632d127084ac7630ad89893b43c486c5a9f7ec6158fb0feb708fa9255d5c4d44bc0858f8"]
695 s = multisig_script(pubkeys)
696 print "address", hash_160_to_bc_address(hash_160(s.decode('hex')), 5)
699 print "Gavin's tutorial: redeem p2sh: http://blockchain.info/tx-index/30888901"
700 pubkey1 = "0491bba2510912a5bd37da1fb5b1673010e43d2c6d812c514e91bfa9f2eb129e1c183329db55bd868e209aac2fbc02cb33d98fe74bf23f0c235d6126b1d8334f86"
701 pubkey2 = "04865c40293a680cb9c020e7b1e106d8c1916d3cef99aa431a56d253e69256dac09ef122b1a986818a7cb624532f062c1d1f8722084861c5c3291ccffef4ec6874"
702 pubkey3 = "048d2455d2403e08708fc1f556002f1b6cd83f992d085097f9974ab08a28838f07896fbab08f39495e15fa6fad6edbfb1e754e35fa1c7844c41f322a1863d46213"
703 pubkeys = [pubkey1, pubkey2, pubkey3]
705 tx = Transaction.from_io(
706 [{'tx_hash':'3c9018e8d5615c306d72397f8f5eef44308c98fb576a88e030c25456b4f3a7ac', 'index':0,
707 'raw_output_script':'a914f815b036d9bbbce5e9f2a00abd1bf3dc91e9551087', 'redeemScript':multisig_script(pubkeys, 2)}],
708 [('1GtpSrGhRGY5kkrNz4RykoqRQoJuG2L6DS',1000000)])
710 tx_for_sig = tx.for_sig(0)
711 print "tx for sig", tx_for_sig
713 signature1 = "304502200187af928e9d155c4b1ac9c1c9118153239aba76774f775d7c1f9c3e106ff33c0221008822b0f658edec22274d0b6ae9de10ebf2da06b1bbdaaba4e50eb078f39e3d78"
714 signature2 = "30440220795f0f4f5941a77ae032ecb9e33753788d7eb5cb0c78d805575d6b00a1d9bfed02203e1f4ad9332d1416ae01e27038e945bc9db59c732728a383a6f1ed2fb99da7a4"
716 for pubkey in pubkeys:
717 import traceback, sys
719 public_key = ecdsa.VerifyingKey.from_string(pubkey[2:].decode('hex'), curve = SECP256k1)
722 public_key.verify_digest( signature1.decode('hex'), Hash( tx_for_sig.decode('hex') ), sigdecode = ecdsa.util.sigdecode_der)
724 except ecdsa.keys.BadSignatureError:
725 #traceback.print_exc(file=sys.stdout)
729 public_key.verify_digest( signature2.decode('hex'), Hash( tx_for_sig.decode('hex') ), sigdecode = ecdsa.util.sigdecode_der)
731 except ecdsa.keys.BadSignatureError:
732 #traceback.print_exc(file=sys.stdout)
735 if __name__ == '__main__':